The Mary Celeste
On November 7, 1872 the ship departed New
York with 1700 barrels of raw American alcohol bound for Genoa, Italy. At its helm was a man named Captain
Briggs. He was young but had already
been in charge of three other ships. Also aboard was the Captain’s wife, young
daughter and a crew of seven.
On December 4th
1872 the Mary Celeste was found floating alone in the Atlantic Ocean. There was enough food and water on board for approximately
6 months. The weather at the time was
good, although there had been sporadic reports of bad weather in the Atlantic
during that time frame. The passengers
and crew were missing along with one life boat, the
sextant, marine, and all the ships papers other than the Captain’s log.
So what happened
to the ten souls that left port with the Mary Celeste? There has been a lot of speculation over that
very question.
Were they
attacked by pirates? All the crew’s
personal belongings and the ship’s cargo were still on board so that is unlikely.
Were they, as some believed, robbed by the
very people that “found” the Marie Celeste?
The Captains of the Dei Gratia Captain Morehouse and Captain Briggs were
family friends. In fact they dined
together the night before Briggs set out.
There was some disagreement as to whether there were signs on a struggle
on board or not. Ultimately the court decided
there was no evidence of piracy or foul play, nor of mutiny, struggle or
violence. Afterward, the salvagers or crew of the Dei Gratia were awarded a
payment, amounting to one-sixth of the $46,000 insurance covering the ship and
its cargo ($730,000 in current money).
The most logical
theory was that some of the alcohol in the cargo hold began to leak. When faces with toxic fumes and the possibility
of an explosion, the people on board simply trailed behind the ship in a life
raft to let the fumes dissipate. The
rope wore and they were lost to the sea.
This theory is supported by the fact that there was reportedly a hank of
rope found “tied to the ship very strongly and the other end, very frayed, was
trailing in the water”. Moreover,
although the ship’s cargo was first thought to be intact, once it was unloaded,
nine barrels were found to be empty.
We will probably
never know what really happened, and it is an interesting story for sure, but
not the only strange story to surround the Marie Celeste. Some even say she was jinxed.
When first built she
was named Amazon. Her first Captain was Robert
McLellan. He was the son of one of the
owners, and the first to succumb to her “curse”. He contracted pneumonia and died just days
after leaving port.
John Nutting Parker, the next captain of the
Amazon, struck a fishing boat, and had to return to the shipyard for repairs.
At the shipyard, a fire broke out in the middle of the ship, thus ending his short
stint as Captain of the Amazon/Mary Celeste.
Her next voyage seemed
to be going well, until it collided with another ship in the English Channel
near Dover, England. The third captain immediately
left to seek other employment.
The next six
years passed uneventfully, but in 1867, the ship ran aground during a storm off
Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. After that she was salvaged, and bought by Richard
Haines of New York, and repaired. In
1868, she was transferred to the American registry, and in 1869, was renamed
the Mary Celeste. The ownership of this
sailing ship was then divided into 24 shares, owned by four partners :James H.
Winchester, Captain Benjamin Spooner Briggs , Sylvester Goodwin, and Daniel T.
Sampson.
After Captain
Briggs’ disappearance, James Winchester considered selling the Mary Celeste. He
made up his mind after he felt the ship took his father Henry Winchester-Vinters’
life. Henry drowned in an accident in Boston, Massachusetts while bringing the
ship back to America. Winchester sold the Mary Celeste at an enormous loss.
Over the next 13 years, the ship changed hands 17 times.
By this time she
was in bad condition, and her last captain and owner, G. C. Parker, over
insured her cargo, and deliberately wrecked the Mary Celeste in the Caribbean
Sea on January 3, 1885. She refused to sink and Parker tried to set
her on fire. Even after the fire, the
vessel remained intact, though the ship's log was destroyed along with Benjamin
Briggs' prior entries.
Parker filed an inflated
insurance claim for a cargo that never existed, the ensuing insurance
investigation revealed his attempted fraud. Parker sold the salvage rights for
$500. Captain Parker was arrested, and
put on trial for the intentional destruction of a vessel. At that time, the sentence
for doing so was death. Despite clear
evidence of Parker's guilt, the jury deadlocked. Despite his acquittal, he and almost everyone
indicted for actions related to the shipwreck were ruined. Captain Parker died three months later.
The partially
burnt hulk of the Mary Celeste was deemed beyond repair and she was left to
eventually slip off the shoal and sink.
In 2001, an
expedition headed by author Clive Cussler (representing the National Underwater
and Marine Agency) and Canadian film producer John Davis along with divers from
the Nova Scotian company EcoNova announced that they had found the remains of
the brigantine where Parker had wrecked her. Maritime archaeologist James P.
Delgado identified the wreck as Mary Celeste based on the location, along with
other factors. One researcher has
disputed Cussler's claim. Scott St. George of the University of Minnesota maintains
that the wood recovered from the wreck, was cut from trees still living at
least a decade after the Mary Celeste sank, putting the authenticity and
identification of this shipwreck in question.
The Mariners'
Museum in Newport News has a detailed waterline model of Mary Celeste,
depicting the brigantine exactly as she was found in 1872. The
crew and passengers of the vessel are listed in the ship's records reproduced
from the original in the National Archives, Washington, D.C. as; Benjamin S. Briggs, 37, Captain, American; Albert
G. Richardson, 28,Mate, American; Andrew Gilling, 25, 2nd Mate, Danish; Edward
Wm Head, 23, Steward & Cook, American; Volkert Lorenson, 29, Seaman, German;
Arian Martens, 35, Seaman, German; Boy Lorenson, 23, Seaman, German; Gottlieb
Gondeschall, 23, Seaman, German; Sarah Elizabeth Briggs, 31, Captain’s Wife; Sophia
Matilda Briggs, 2, Captain's daughter.